Can Breastfeeding Help Antibiotic-Exposed Microbiomes Recover?

Can Breastfeeding Help Antibiotic-Exposed Microbiomes Recover?

  Exclusive breastfeeding for at least three months may lessen the effect of antibiotic use during labor and delivery on an infant’s microbiome. Cesarean delivery and antibiotic use during vaginal or C-section childbirth decreases diversity of an infant’s microbiome [1, 2]. However, a study by Azad et al. suggests that exclusive breastfeeding for at least three months may lessen the effect of maternal use of antibiotics during labor and delivery on the microbiome [3]. Breastfeeding may repair the infant microbiome after antibiotic use. Birth is a key time for beneficial microbes to be transmitted from mother to infant, especially during vaginal birth [1, 4, 5]. However antibiotics that disrupt microbiome transmission may be used during both vaginal and Cesarean section (C-section) deliveries. During childbirth, especially in Canada and the United States, antibiotics may be used for several reasons. In vaginal deliveries, antibiotics are used to prevent transmission of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) transmission to the infant. However, the use of antibiotics for GBS is correlated with increased antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli infections in infants [6]. Antibiotics may also be given to reduce opportunistic pathogen infections during long labors where the amniotic sac membrane has ruptured. Cesarean section surgeries use antibiotics as

Missing Microbes and Increased Antibiotic Resistance

Missing Microbes and Increased Antibiotic Resistance

Dr. Martin Blaser’s book Missing Microbes details his observations and hypotheses on how overuse and misuse of antibiotics may be the source of modern non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, and obesity. The maps of the U.S. colored with obesity and antibiotic prescriptions fit extremely well – and centered on my Southern homeland. Could it be that the obesity epidemic, diabetes, allergies, asthma, and other non-communicable diseases that are centered over the American South are not due to our preference for all things fried or sopped in butter and washed down with a swig of sweet tea? It’s not just due to sitting in front of screens too much. Certainly poor diet and little exercise don’t help. But could an over-use of antibiotics also be to blame?  That was the hypothesis. Obesity Caused by Over Use of Antibiotics? Dr. Martin Blaser from NYU’s experimental research on mice demonstrated drastic changes in the different types of gut bacteria present before and after antibiotic use. More strikingly, when the antibiotic use was discontinued and the bacterial populations rebounded, the bacterial types that did come back were different metabolically. Antibiotics drastically effected the gut microbiome. Does antibiotic somehow set us on a path

New Year’s Resolutions for Your Microbiome

New Year’s Resolutions for Your Microbiome

Get dirty, sleep, eat a diversity of real food, avoid antibiotics The beginning of a new year is always a time for reflection and resolutions for lifestyle changes and New Year’s resolutions! I’d suggest if you want to improve your life and health, start with the very numerous, yet invisible portion of yourself – your microbiome.  The digestive system microbiome is best understood of all the human microbiomes. The importance of these invisible organisms for human health is increasingly apparent. However, scientists are still unraveling what makes up a “healthy” and “unhealthy” gut microbiome. It’s too early in the science to offer exact prescriptives, such as specific probiotics to take at certain doses or how many grams of fiber to incorporate in your diet. However, recent observational and even experimental research, points to general suggestions to improve gut microbiome health. Interestingly many of these suggestions often align with age-old healthy habits, but some may seem initially counterintuitive. 

Entering the Natural Antibiotic Arms Race

Entering the Natural Antibiotic Arms Race

Antibiotics are naturally made by fungi and bacteria to compete for space and nutrients. Antibiotic resistance is a natural defense. Antibiotic resistance has become an issue because we have misused antibiotics and thus increased the exposure of bacteria to antibiotics.  Medical use of antibiotics to kill pathogens is similar to being shot with your own stolen gun. Although we synthesize and purify antibiotics for human use, antibiotics originate in microbes. Life as a microbe is tough. Conditions in the soil are ever changing. Food and water are scarce. Microbes only move and reproduce if enough water and food are present. The rotting body of a housefly may seem trivial to humans. For microbes, it’s the biggest buffet in Vegas. It’s every microbe for herself and those with any trick up their pili or thallus to feed and divide faster to fill up the habitat space are the winners. Enter toxins that kill bacteria – antibiotics – literally meaning “against” “life”. Bacteria or fungi make and release these toxic substances into the environment to kill their competitors. The microbes making the toxins often protect themselves by targeting cell structures that they don’t have, but their competitors do. Similar to how Superman

Normal disturbance of the microbiome

Normal disturbance of the microbiome

“Great”, you’re thinking, “I’m covered in little germs microbes and they live on me in their special habitats, icky, but so what?” These microbes may provide specific benefits, such as the nutritional examples mentioned earlier. However, perhaps one of the biggest services these microbes have is simply taking up space! “Niche filling” or “colonization resistance” is an important and essential ecosystem service. In any habitat, there are places to live and nutrients to feed upon. An example is my attempt at gardening. Each spring we clean out the garden and plant seeds and seedlings. Most years we put down weed cloth around the seedlings. My organic gardening teacher recommended planting clover as a cover crop. Both are doing the same thing – filling an available habitat to prevent weeds from colonizing and competing with the plants that we hope to harvest later. This past summer I got busy and didn’t get the weed cloth down. UGH. The weeds overtook the garden this year and we only got a few tomatoes and peppers. The squash, beans, and broccoli were overrun. Bummer – lesson reinforced. Similarly, your microbial ecosystem needs to stay intact, filled, and in balance. Aristotle once said “Nature abhors